Class (GI Class)

Gtk-4.0 ▶ Gtk ▶ ExpressionAbstract

Provides a way to describe references to values.

An important aspect of expressions is that the value can be obtained from a source that is several steps away. For example, an expression may describe ‘the value of property A of object1, which is itself the value of a property of object2’. And object1 may not even exist yet at the time that the expression is created. This is contrast to GObject.Object property bindings, which can only create direct connections between the properties of two objects that must both exist for the duration of the binding.

An expression needs to be "evaluated" to obtain the value that it currently refers to. An evaluation always happens in the context of a current object called this (it mirrors the behavior of object-oriented languages), which may or may not influence the result of the evaluation. Use Gtk.Expression.evaluate for evaluating an expression.

Various methods for defining expressions exist, from simple constants via Gtk.ConstantExpression.new to looking up properties in a GObject.Object (even recursively) via Gtk.PropertyExpression.new or providing custom functions to transform and combine expressions via Gtk.ClosureExpression.new.

Here is an example of a complex expression:

  color_expr = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_LIST_ITEM,
                                            NULL, "item");
  expression = gtk_property_expression_new (GTK_TYPE_COLOR,
                                            color_expr, "name");

when evaluated with this being a Gtk.ListItem, it will obtain the "item" property from the Gtk.ListItem, and then obtain the "name" property from the resulting object (which is assumed to be of type GTK_TYPE_COLOR).

A more concise way to describe this would be

  this->item->name

The most likely place where you will encounter expressions is in the context of list models and list widgets using them. For example, Gtk.DropDown is evaluating a Gtk.Expression to obtain strings from the items in its model that it can then use to match against the contents of its search entry. Gtk.StringFilter is using a Gtk.Expression for similar reasons.

By default, expressions are not paying attention to changes and evaluation is just a snapshot of the current state at a given time. To get informed about changes, an expression needs to be "watched" via a Gtk.ExpressionWatch, which will cause a callback to be called whenever the value of the expression may have changed; Gtk.Expression.watch starts watching an expression, and Gtk.ExpressionWatch.unwatch stops.

Watches can be created for automatically updating the property of an object, similar to GObject's GObject.Binding mechanism, by using Gtk.Expression.bind.

In order to use a Gtk.Expression as a GObject.Object property, you must use the Gtk.param_spec_expression when creating a GObject.ParamSpec to install in the GObject.Object class being defined; for instance:

obj_props[PROP_EXPRESSION] =
  gtk_param_spec_expression ("expression",
                             "Expression",
                             "The expression used by the widget",
                             G_PARAM_READWRITE |
                             G_PARAM_STATIC_STRINGS |
                             G_PARAM_EXPLICIT_NOTIFY);

When implementing the GObjectClass.set_property and GObjectClass.get_property virtual functions, you must use Gtk.value_get_expression, to retrieve the stored Gtk.Expression from the GObject.Value container, and Gtk.value_set_expression, to store the Gtk.Expression into the GObject.Value; for instance:

  // in `set_property()`...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    foo_widget_set_expression (foo, gtk_value_get_expression (value));
    break;

  // in `get_property()`...
  case PROP_EXPRESSION:
    gtk_value_set_expression (value, foo->expression);
    break;

Gtk.Builder has support for creating expressions. The syntax here can be used where a Gtk.Expression object is needed like in a <property> tag for an expression property, or in a <binding name="property"> tag to bind a property to an expression.

To create a property expression, use the <lookup> element. It can have a type attribute to specify the object type, and a name attribute to specify the property to look up. The content of <lookup> can either be a string that specifies the name of the object to use, an element specifying an expression to provide an object, or empty to use the this object.

Example:

  <lookup name='search'>string_filter</lookup>

Since the <lookup> element creates an expression and its element content can itself be an expression, this means that <lookup> tags can also be nested. This is a common idiom when dealing with Gtk.ListItems. See Gtk.BuilderListItemFactory for an example of this technique.

To create a constant expression, use the <constant> element. If the type attribute is specified, the element content is interpreted as a value of that type. Otherwise, it is assumed to be an object. For instance:

  <constant>string_filter</constant>
  <constant type='gchararray'>Hello, world</constant>

String (type='gchararray') constants can be marked for translation with the translatable= attribute, and will then be looked up in the Gtk.Builder.translation_domain when the expression is constructed.

  <constant type='gchararray' translatable='yes'>I'm translatable!</constant>

As with other translatable strings in Gtk.Builder, constants can also have a context and/or translation comment:

  <constant type='gchararray'
            translatable='yes'
            context='example'
            comments='A sample string'>I'm translatable!</constant>

To create a closure expression, use the <closure> element. The function attribute specifies what function to use for the closure, and the type attribute specifies its return type. The content of the element contains the expressions for the parameters. For instance:

  <closure type='gchararray' function='combine_args_somehow'>
    <constant type='gchararray'>File size:</constant>
    <lookup type='GFile' name='size'>myfile</lookup>
  </closure>

To create a property binding, use the <binding> element in place of where a <property> tag would ordinarily be used. The name and object attributes are supported. The name attribute is required, and pertains to the applicable property name. The object attribute is optional. If provided, it will use the specified object as the this object when the expression is evaluated. Here is an example in which the label property of a Gtk.Label is bound to the string property of another arbitrary object:

  <object class='GtkLabel'>
    <binding name='label'>
      <lookup name='string'>some_other_object</lookup>
    </binding>
  </object>

Hierarchy (View Summary)

Index

Constructors

constructor

Properties

$gtype

Methods

_init bind connect connect_after emit evaluate get_value_type is_static ref unref watch

Constructors

Properties

$gtype: GType<Gtk.Expression>

Methods

_init

  • Bind target's property named property to self.

    The value that self evaluates to is set via g_object_set() on target. This is repeated whenever self changes to ensure that the object's property stays synchronized with self.

    If self's evaluation fails, target's property is not updated. You can ensure that this doesn't happen by using a fallback expression.

    Note that this function takes ownership of self. If you want to keep it around, you should Gtk.Expression.ref it beforehand.

    Parameters

    • target: GObject.Object

      the target object to bind to

    • property: string

      name of the property on target to bind to

    • Optionalthis_: GObject.Object

      the this argument for the evaluation of self

    Returns ExpressionWatch

    a Gtk.ExpressionWatch

  • Evaluates the given expression and on success stores the result in value.

    The GObject.GType of value will be the type given by Gtk.Expression.get_value_type.

    It is possible that expressions cannot be evaluated - for example when the expression references objects that have been destroyed or set to NULL. In that case value will remain empty and FALSE will be returned.

    Parameters

    Returns boolean

    TRUE if the expression could be evaluated

  • Checks if the expression is static.

    A static expression will never change its result when Gtk.Expression.evaluate is called on it with the same arguments.

    That means a call to Gtk.Expression.watch is not necessary because it will never trigger a notify.

    Returns boolean

    TRUE if the expression is static

  • Watch the given expression for changes.

    The notify function will be called whenever the evaluation of self may have changed.

    GTK cannot guarantee that the evaluation did indeed change when the notify gets invoked, but it guarantees the opposite: When it did in fact change, the notify will be invoked.

    Parameters

    Returns ExpressionWatch

    The newly installed watch. Note that the only reference held to the watch will be released when the watch is unwatched which can happen automatically, and not just via Gtk.ExpressionWatch.unwatch. You should call Gtk.ExpressionWatch.ref if you want to keep the watch around.

Interfaces

SignalSignatures